At first glance, it looks like nothing from this planet – a creature with a pointed object sticking out of its head, half-monkey, half-unicorn.
But scientists are getting closer to unraveling the mystery of the Petralona skull.
The ancient skull – discovered in the Petralona Cave, about 22 miles south-east of Thessaloniki in Greece – is said to be less than 300,000 years old.
It wasn’t a homo sapiens like us, nor was it a Neanderthal.
“The discovery of a nearly complete skull in Petralona Cave in Greece is remarkable,” says a team of Chinese, French, Greek and British researchers.
“This fossil holds a key position in the evolution of European humans.”
The Petralona skull was found with a distinctive point sticking out from the top, which is a stalagmite – a mineral formation that rises from the cave floor.
Stalagmites grow slowly as water drips from the cave ceiling, gaining a millimeter every few years.
The Petralona skull was found clinging to the wall of a small cave cavity in 1960. A new study now provides an accurate age estimate for the nearly complete skull.

Dating the nearly complete skull found in Petralona Cave in Greece
The Petralona skull was originally found in 1960 by local villager Christos Sariannidis, apparently just cemented to the wall of a cave chamber.
Scientists later determined that it was fused to the wall by the gradual accumulation of calcite, a common mineral commonly found in caves.
Calcite is also found in the large stalagmite poking out of the head, which has since been removed during a cleaning process before being transferred to the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, where it is on display.
In this new study, scientists dated calcite that grew directly on a “nearly complete skull” that was missing the lower jaw.
This calcite sample “is the only sample capable of providing significant information about the age of the fossil,” the team says in their new paper.
They found it to be at least 277,000 years old, but possibly 295,000 years old, which places it in the later Middle Pleistocene epoch of Europe.
At that time, Europe was covered with forests and open woodland, and the climate was generally humid and with less pronounced temperature changes during the season.
Previous estimates have been around 170,000 to 700,000 years old – so much less precise.

The Petralona skull was removed and cleaned and is now on display at the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, Greece.

The image shows a sample corresponding to the stalagmite veil where the skull was intended to be attached.
This ancient individual would have lived in Europe alongside Neanderthals, an extinct group of archaic humans and our closest ancient human relatives.
However, experts suspect that the male individual is part of a distinct group of humans known as Homo Heidelbergensis, which came before the Neanderthals and was more primitive.
Eiropas Homo Heidelbergensis populācijas pārtapa par neandertāliešiem, savukārt atsevišķs Homo Heidelbergensis populācija Āfrikā pārtapa par mūsu pašu sugu Homo Sapiens.
Petralonas galvaskauss gandrīz noteikti bija vīrietis, pamatojoties uz fosilijas lielumu un izturību, tāpēc tas tiek dēvēts arī par “Petralona vīru”.
Galvaskausa zobiem bija tikai mērens nodilums, tāpēc tas, iespējams, piederēja jaunam pieaugušajam, sacīja pētījuma autors profesors Kriss Stringers, Londonas Dabas vēstures muzeja antropologs Dzīvā zinātneApvidū
Kaut arī Petralonas galvaskauss sākotnēji tika atrasts pirms vairāk nekā 60 gadiem, kopš tā laika tas ir satraucis pētniekus.
Astoņdesmito gadu sākumā galvaskausa iepazīšanos bija lielas zinātniskas debates, daļēji tāpēc, ka agrīnos rezultātus dažreiz bija grūti interpretēt.
Paleoantropologi to dažādi attiecināja uz Homo erectus, homo neanderthalensis vai “arhaiskiem homo sapiens”.

Šis attēls parāda sarežģītus minerālu veidojumus Petralona alā Grieķijā, kas ir atvērta tūristiem

Fosilie pierādījumi liecina, ka tādas sugas kā Homo erectus un homo heidelbergensis dzīvoja Āfrikā un citos reģionos A grupas un B grupas periodā.
“Šī tēma ir apspriesta kopš tās atklāšanas vairāk nekā pirms 60 gadiem, uzsverot grūtības fiziskas iepazīšanās metožu piemērošanā aizvēsturiskiem paraugiem,” saka komanda.
Bet viņu jaunais pētījums, kas publicēts Cilvēka evolūcijas žurnālsdod vistuvāko norādi, kurai sugai šī persona piederēja.
Galvaskauss vēl nav galīgi apstiprināts kā Homo Heidelbergensis, taču to varētu apstiprināt turpmākajā pētījumā.
Homo Heidelbergensis dzīvoja pirms 300 000 līdz 600 000 gadiem, attīstoties Āfrikā, bet pirms 500 000 gadiem dažas populācijas, kas atrodas Eiropā.
Suga bija pietiekami lietpratīga, lai medītu lielus dzīvniekus pārtikai, savukārt jumta, iespējams, arī traks lietošana īpaši aukstākos apgabalos.